Literature Review Obesity And Lifestyle Behaviors

Literature Review for Obesity Collin M Rofshus University of South Dakota Student December 12, 2014 Author Note Collin Rofshus, Department of Health Sciences, University of South Dakota Collin Rofshus is now a junior at the University of South Dakota. This paper fulfills the critical writing graduate component of the course HSC 440, Major Issues in Health and Human Services. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Collin Rofshus, Collin.Rofshus@coyotes.usd.edu. #1 Is Ideal Body Image Related to Obesity and Lifestyle Behaviors in African-American Adolescents? A peer-review by Chen and Wang (2013), Is Ideal Body Image Related to Obesity and Lifestyle Behaviors in African-American Adolescents, is carried out by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Illinois at Chicago and John Hopkins University Bloomberg School of public health. Chen is a MD of the profession pathology. Pathology is the study of understanding if one’s body image can correlate to obesity or Vis versa. Wang plays an important researcher in the study due to the fact he was the founding director of the Johns Hopkins Global Center on Childhood Obesity and also is affiliated with the Obesity Society (TOS). Given the qualifications of the authors, the source of research is a credible source. The purpose of the study is to understand connections between ideal body image (IBI) and the prevalence rate of obesity. Obesity is becoming a worldwide issue, however,Show MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children And Adolescents1427 Words   |  6 PagesA: Literature Review Many children living in the world are well nourished and consume foods that contain sufficient amounts of protein, carbohydrate, fat and micronutrients in order to meet their nutritional requirements. However, there has been a downfall of recommended dietary standards considerably fallen short within children’s diets. Furthermore, an insignificant diet as well as physical inactivity, results in an energy imbalance and can lead to a major social issue of childhood obesity. TheRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1378 Words   |  6 PagesDid you know that obesity has become such a ‘growing’ quandary that for the first time ever today’s children are expected to have a life expectancy that is shorter than their parents (Gance-Cleveland, Gilbert, Kopanos, Gilbert, 2009, p. 72)? Obesity in children and adolescents has become a worldwide epidemic, increasing every year. In fact, childhood obesity in the United States (US) has increased to 17%, which has nearly tripled the prevalence of obesity in the last three decades (Center forRead MoreThe Relationship Between Ethnicities And Obesity1506 Words   |  7 PagesMany studies have conducted significant research on the relationship between ethnicities and obesity. However, only a few studies have done research on Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) population and the increasing rates of obesity amongst these indigenous communities. Numerous studies have grouped the NHPI population with the â€Å"Asian† population in most demographic and health surveys, which fabricates the health status from these studies to portray NHPI’s as a healthy population. AccordingRead MoreThe Health Risks Of Obesity Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Obesity is one of the most significant health concerns that both children and adults in the USA are facing today. It can be defined as a condition of having too much fat in the adipose tissue of the body to the extent that it impairs body health, and is different from overweight which implies having too much body weight. This is because the weight of an overwieight person can be as a result of body muscle, fat, bone and water. However, the two terms imply that an individual’s weightRead MoreThe Health Belief Model Of The United States1367 Words   |  6 Pages 3. Overview of the Health Belief Model The Health Belief model is a psychological construct that is used to predict health behavior (see Figure 1). The two components of the model that are used to predict behavior are the perception of the threat and the perception of the benefits and barriers to taking action to reduce the threat. The perception of the threat is composed of two elements: the perception of seriousness of the threat and the perception of the susceptibility to the threat (SharafkhaniRead MoreThe Incidence of Childhood Inactive Behavior Growing at an Alarming Rate1750 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction/Overview It is accepted that the incidence of childhood inactive behavior is increasing at a disturbing rate. The physical activity level and health behavior of the youth population has the capability to be a valuable instrument in countering this undesired behavior and the obesity pandemic as well as lowering all-cause mortality (Tudor-Lock et al., 2011). According to the center for Disease Control and Prevention, childhood obesity rates have doubled among children since 1980 (McNamara et al., 2010)Read MoreEssay on Does Increased Daytime Sleep Correlate to Obesity?792 Words   |  4 PagesDue to the increasing global problem of obesity, the authors sought to analyze the relationship between total sleep time (TST) and its impact on body mass index (BMI) among adolescents. The study, which took place from October 2006 through April 2007, assessed the relationship between total sleep time, the caloric intake of healthy adolescents, and other related factors such as hunger, food cravings, an d satiety. One possible cause of obesity was attributed to the unexpected association betweenRead MoreLifestyle Interventions For Managing Obesity1485 Words   |  6 PagesLifestyle interventions for managing obesity in older adults INTRODUCTION Obesity is condition of being abnormal with excess of accumulated fat in the adipose tissue of the body to the extent which increases the health risk, illness and may lead to morality. An important cause of body fat mass is the association between energy taken and energy spent. A person becomes obese when he/she consumes more calories than they burn. Calories are necessary in orderRead MoreThe Examination of the Importance of Healthy Eating and Physical Activities in Raleigh, NC Schools844 Words   |  3 PagesProblem Background of Obesity Obesity has become a major public health issue. Healthy eating and daily physical activity play a significant role in preventing chronic diseases, such as a stroke, heart disease and cancer. These are the three leading causes of death among people under 18. The chronic disease risk factors are related to obesity. Obesity is defined as a medical condition in which excess body fat has accrued to an extent that may be a negative effect on health. Obesity in childhood cannotRead MoreKnowledge and Perception of Parents Towards Risk of Obesity in Their Preschool Children: Literature Review1308 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Literature Knowledge and perception of parents towards risk of obesity in their preschool children Student Id: Contents Literature Review 1 Barriers that parents encounter over the choice of food for their preschool child 2 Parental concerns in engaging their preschool child in physical activities 3 References 5 Appendix 6 Literature Review A major health concern of parents today is the obesity problem in children. It has been seen globally that obesity problems are increasing

The Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison Essay - 1314 Words

The Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, encompasses the themes of youth, gender, and race. The African American Civil Rights Movement had recently ended at the time the novel was written. In the book, Morrison utilizes a first-person story to convey her views on racial inequality. The protagonist and her friends find themselves in moments where they are filled with embarrassment and have a wish to flee such events. Since they are female African Americans, they are humiliated in society. One of Morrison’s essential arguments is on the theme of inequity. In The Bluest Eye, Morrison implies that American culture induces the discrimination that occurs amongst the minority groups in the United States. Before the publication of The Bluest Eye, there were many other works that explored the concept of discrimination in our society. Anais Nin, Adrienne Rich, and Virginia Woolf serve as some of the key philosophers of this time. By examining and correlating Morrison’s novel to other pi eces of literature, a poetic insight is found in the contents of the book. These poems provide the reader with a different perspective on the themes presented. Morrison utilizes this feature in her own writing, weaving her ideas with excerpts from the children’s primer Dick and Jane. Morrison does not base her content from the excerpts, but utilizes them to strengthen her beliefs. Claudia, an African American girl, faces incompetence due to her race, gender, and age. She feels powerless, wishing an escapeShow MoreRelatedThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1720 Words   |  7 Pagesof The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison, criticizes the danger of race discrimination for any kinds of situations with no exception. The purpose of the paper is explain how pervasive and destructive social racism was bound to happen in American society. The intended audiences are not only black people, but also other races had suffered racism until now. I could find out and concentrate on the most notable sym bols which are whiteness, blue eyes and the characterization while reading the novel. Toni MorrisonRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1587 Words   |  7 Pagessaid, â€Å"We were born to die and we die to live.† Toni Morrison correlates to Nelson’s quote in her Nobel Lecture of 1993, â€Å"We die. That may be the meaning of life. But we do language. That may be the measure of our lives.† In Toni Morrison’s novel, The Bluest Eye, she uses language to examine the concepts of racism, lack of self-identity, gender roles, and socioeconomic hardships as they factor into a misinterpretation of the American Dream. Morrison illustrates problems that these issues provoke throughRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison956 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Slavery Influenced the Characters of The Bluest Eye Unlike so many pieces of American literature that involve and examine the history of slavery and the years of intensely-entrenched racism that ensued, the overall plot of the novel, The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, does not necessarily involve slavery directly, but rather examines the aftermath by delving into African-American self-hatred. Nearly all of the main characters in The Bluest Eye who are African American are dominated by the endlessRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1189 Words   |  5 PagesA standard of beauty is established by the society in which a person lives and then supported by its members in the community. In the novel The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, we are given an extensive understanding of how whiteness is the standard of beauty through messages throughout the novel that whiteness is superior. Morrison emphasizes how this ideality distorts the minds and lives of African-American women and children. He emphasizes that in order for African-American wom en to survive in aRead MoreThe Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison1095 Words   |  5 PagesSocial class is a major theme in the book The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison. Toni Morrison is saying that there are dysfunctional families in every social class, though people only think of it in the lower class. Toni Morrison was also stating that people also use social class to separate themselves from others and apart from race; social class is one thing Pauline and Geraldine admire.Claudia, Pecola, and Frieda are affected by not only their own social status, but others social status too - for exampleRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison2069 Words   |  9 Pagesblack/whiteness. Specifically, white people were positioned at the upper part of the hierarchy, whereas, African Americans were inferior. Consequently, white people were able to control and dictate to the standards of beauty. In her novel, ‘The Bluest Eye’, Toni Morrison draws upon symbolism, narrative voice, setting and id eals of the time to expose the effects these standards had on the different characters. With the juxtaposition of Claudia MacTeer and Pecola Breedlove, who naively conforms to the barrierRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1103 Words   |  5 Pages Toni Morrison is known for her prized works exploring themes and issues that are rampant in African American communities. Viewing Toni Morrison’s novel The Bluest Eye from a psychoanalytical lens sheds light onto how, as members of a marginalized group, character’s low self-esteem reflect into their actions, desires, and defense mechanisms. In her analysis of psychoanalytical criticism, Lois Tyson focuses on psychological defense mechanisms such as selective perception, selective memory, denialRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1462 Words   |  6 PagesBildungsroman literature in the 20th century embodies the virtues of different authors’ contexts and cultures, influencing the fictional stories of children’s lives around the world.. The Bluest Eye is a 1970 publication by Toni Morrison set in 1940s Ohio in America, focal around the consequence of racism in an American community on the growth of a child, distinct in its use of a range of narrative perspectives. Annie John by Jamaica Kincaid is a novel set in post colonial Antigua, published in 1985Read MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison992 Words   |  4 PagesSet in the 1940s, during the Great Depression, the novel The Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, illustrates in the inner struggles of African-American criticism. The Breedloves, the family the sto ry revolves around a poor, black and ugly family. They live in a two-room store front, which is open, showing that they have nothing. In the family there is a girl named Pecola Breedlove, she is a black and thinks that she is ugly because she is not white. Pecola’s father, Cholly Breedlove, goes through humiliatedRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1044 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison confirms the existence of racism within the African American community. Unbelievably, many African Americans suffer from what is termed internalized racism. Internalized racism produces the same effect as racial racism: feelings of worthlessness, inferiority, and unattractiveness. In addition, the effect can produce the opposite feelings: superiority, hatred, and feelings of self-worth. Pecola, an 11-year-old black girl, desires to have the physical characteristics

Wireless Communication Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Acces

Questions: 1. Compare and contrast three data encryption standards for WiMAX networks?2. Research the security challenges for any two examples of WPAN technologies. Answers: 1.Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) IEEE 802.16 standard based wireless communication family who is capable of allotting multiple physical (PHY) layers and options like Media Access Control (MAC). The three major encryptions available in WiMAX are AES-CTR, AES-CBC, and AES-CCM (Fahrny, 2016). AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) in CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) mode is one of the most used ones where the data goes through AES. The feedback is then applied to the original signal so that the same encryption is not obtained after every step hence making it harder to decode it (Zhou et al., 2015). The data is processed in chunks of that have a definite block size which is the function of the AES (e.g. 128-bit block). The synchronization should exist between the coder and decoder else the messages will be illegible. AES in CCM (Counter with CBC-MAC) is a universal authenticate and encrypt block ciphering process and can be used only for 128-bit chunks. For the process of authentication, the authentication field is computed using CBC-MAC. The performance of CBC depends solely on the speed of the cipher implementation (Arnold Dames Marik, 2016). The encryption and authentication require two basic encryption operations, and the addition of the additional blocks requires additional time. AES in CTR (Counter) is the most used of all the encryption modules, and many applications are made secure using this mode. The CTR modes use the counter in contrast to the IV (Initialization Vector) that is used in the other modes. The counter used in this case is modified to serve the purpose of encryption and hence contains a nonce and counter block (Zhou et al., 2015). Padding is not required for the plain text for the block size of the cipher. AES in CBC AES in CCM AES in CTR Has initialization vector (IV), hence requires randomness each time encryption is done The combination of CBC-MAC and counter mode. This mode authenticates and then encrypts Simple to implement and the creation of pseudo-random streams is independent of plain texts Changing a part of message requires re-encryption Requires two blocks of operation of encryption The pseudo-random streams are generated from the nonce by counting up. Error in transmission totally destroys information The Same key can be used for both encryption and the counter Maximum length of messages is ensured to prevent the overlap Transmission also affects the decryption of the subsequent block Transmission error is less severe compared to the other two Effect of transmission errors is concentrated to the wrong bits only Encryption is serial, but the decryption can be parallelized Parallelized encryption and decryption Both the encryption and decryption is parallelized. Table1: Comparison Between the three encryption processes (Table Source: As created by author) 2. WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) is a short distance wireless network that is mainly used for the purpose of connecting the devices for personal usage. The devices that can be connected can be of wide range like PDA, Mobile phones, PCs, etc. There are various technologies that serve the purpose of WPAN (Latha Arockiasamy 2012); some of them are INSTEON, IrDA, Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc. Zigbee is a WPAN application which is based on IEEE 802.16 specifications, for high level communication using low power digital radio waves. Threats Impact Physical Attack Physical attacks are carried out by directly tampering device to gain access to the system. These types of attacks can prove detrimental to the security of the system. The devices that are connected continuously ping each other in an encrypted language which is hard to compromise. A person can access the device and set a serial interface that compromises the security. Key attacks The devices that are continuously communicating with each other use the encryption key for authentication. A remote attack that mimics the working of the ZigBee records the data that are being transferred which can be decrypted with advanced software thus compromising the security parameters of the device (Xiao et al., 2015). Replay or Injection Attacks In this attack, the malicious codes are sent over the network with the authentication packets that are recognized the device. Since the ZigBee modules are very lightweight and use the packets that are small in nature, these devices are prone to this type of attack. In this scenario, the packets are designed to look like they are from the authentic source. Once the data is received the program unpacks itself and compromises the network. Signal Jamming Signal jamming is easier in the case of ZigBee as the power used for transmission is very low hence a power low noise is capable of disrupting the services that are provided by the module. Table 2: The types of threats to the system and their impact (Table source: As created by author) Bluetooth is a standard developed for information interchange over a short distance. It operates in the range of 2402-2480 MHz for the transaction and is regulated but unlicensed. Threats Impact DOS DOS (Denial of Services), is an attack which stops the services that are provided by the wireless module. Signal jamming is an effective way of injecting noises into the system so that the devices that are connected to the system stop communicating with each other Bluejacking The Bluetooth user can transfer various data over a Bluetooth network. Bluejacking is sharing an infected file that can infect the user's phonebook and behave like a device that transmits the virus over to other phones that are connected to the specific device (Minar Tarique, 2012). Bluebugging It is a method of cracking the phone through Bluetooth hence enabling the hacker to access all the information available over the phone. The features like calling and sending the texts too can be controlled hence making this attack extremely effective way of creating a disaster Eavesdropping It is an advanced way of cracking the Bluetooth headset so that the data that are sent to the phone or is received by the headset can be deciphered for listening to the calls. Table 2: The types of threats to the system and their impact (Table source: As created by author) References Fahrny, J. W. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 9,332,320. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Arnold, T. W., Dames, E. A., Marik, M. D. (2016).U.S. Patent Application No. 15/096,372. Zhou, J., Ma, M., Feng, Y., Nguyen, T. N. (2015). A symmetric key-based pre-authentication protocol for secure handover in mobile WiMAX networks.The Journal of Supercomputing, 1-18. Latha, M., Arockiasamy, S. (2012). The Performance Evaluation of QoS in Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) on Impact of Bluetooth Worms.Journal of Wireless Networking and Communications,2(5), 111-116. Xiao, Y., Cao, J., Lai, X., Huang, Z., Zhang, B., Qin, Z., Song, Q. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 8,984,287. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Minar, N. B. N. I., Tarique, M. (2012). Bluetooth security threats and solutions: a survey.International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems,3(1), 127.

The English Language Essays - English Languages, English Language

The English Language The history of the English language The English language is very complex. What one may not know is that the creation of English goes back many years. Throughout time English has developed greatly by adapting words and meanings from different eras in time and is still constantly growing today. This marvellous language has four major generations, Old English, Middle English, Modern English, and Canadian English. Through each era English has grown into the beautiful language it has become today. Old English dates back all the way to 450 A.D, when the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons invaded Britain. Just in Old English itself, there are three dialects, West Saxon, Kentish, and Anglian. Old English has been influenced the most over the years due to being the oldest generation of the language. Most of this apparatus was lost and English became the analytic language it is today. There were no silent letters in Old English. The Danish court was a great influence on the English language towards simplification. Inflections were slowly dropped so that communication could become easier since the stems of the English and Danish words were similar. Latin was introduced by Christian missionaries forming the alphabet which was used to write our Old English texts. All of these concepts intensely altered Middle English. The Norman Conquest set French as the official language of England. French, with its Latin vocabulary, was the language of the English court, of English government, and of English art, society, and literature for three hundred years. In Middle English the Anglo-Saxons had to learn French terms, but they retained their own vocabulary too. English was continuously influenced by Large-scale borrowing of new words. This language became less synthetic and more analytic in grammar. The language mixed to form Norman-English as time passed. Wycliffe and Chaucer's writing helped make Norman-English the official language of England. The English language wasn't done growing yet. Modern English was formed during the Renaissance where new words multiplied including many Romance words and a large proportion of Greek. Words meanings changed as the language grew, meat now meaning animal flesh used as food, but back then it meant any solid food. Anglo-Saxon words have vanished from everyday speech and writing because they words aren't used anymore due to their older, out date meanings. Words are added to our language as political, economic, and social institutions change and develop. As inventions are created they are given new names, which are added to our vocabulary. Specific names are created for just Canadian English as well. Canadian English's base is in the eighteenth century of North America. The language was also changed by immigration of refugees of the Revolutionary Wars into Canada. Distinct languages are created because of geographic or social separation. The settlers and native peoples language added to Canadian English. Speaking patterns from early immigrants also influenced our language as did the difference of language in Upper and Lower Canada and the eighty percent of Americans living in Upper Canada during the war of eighteen twelve. Upper and Lower Canada were more affected by the loyalists. All together the languages reflect the way Canada functions and grows.