Literature Review Obesity And Lifestyle Behaviors

Literature Review for Obesity Collin M Rofshus University of South Dakota Student December 12, 2014 Author Note Collin Rofshus, Department of Health Sciences, University of South Dakota Collin Rofshus is now a junior at the University of South Dakota. This paper fulfills the critical writing graduate component of the course HSC 440, Major Issues in Health and Human Services. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Collin Rofshus, Collin.Rofshus@coyotes.usd.edu. #1 Is Ideal Body Image Related to Obesity and Lifestyle Behaviors in African-American Adolescents? A peer-review by Chen and Wang (2013), Is Ideal Body Image Related to Obesity and Lifestyle Behaviors in African-American Adolescents, is carried out by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Illinois at Chicago and John Hopkins University Bloomberg School of public health. Chen is a MD of the profession pathology. Pathology is the study of understanding if one’s body image can correlate to obesity or Vis versa. Wang plays an important researcher in the study due to the fact he was the founding director of the Johns Hopkins Global Center on Childhood Obesity and also is affiliated with the Obesity Society (TOS). Given the qualifications of the authors, the source of research is a credible source. The purpose of the study is to understand connections between ideal body image (IBI) and the prevalence rate of obesity. Obesity is becoming a worldwide issue, however,Show MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children And Adolescents1427 Words   |  6 PagesA: Literature Review Many children living in the world are well nourished and consume foods that contain sufficient amounts of protein, carbohydrate, fat and micronutrients in order to meet their nutritional requirements. However, there has been a downfall of recommended dietary standards considerably fallen short within children’s diets. Furthermore, an insignificant diet as well as physical inactivity, results in an energy imbalance and can lead to a major social issue of childhood obesity. TheRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1378 Words   |  6 PagesDid you know that obesity has become such a ‘growing’ quandary that for the first time ever today’s children are expected to have a life expectancy that is shorter than their parents (Gance-Cleveland, Gilbert, Kopanos, Gilbert, 2009, p. 72)? Obesity in children and adolescents has become a worldwide epidemic, increasing every year. In fact, childhood obesity in the United States (US) has increased to 17%, which has nearly tripled the prevalence of obesity in the last three decades (Center forRead MoreThe Relationship Between Ethnicities And Obesity1506 Words   |  7 PagesMany studies have conducted significant research on the relationship between ethnicities and obesity. However, only a few studies have done research on Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) population and the increasing rates of obesity amongst these indigenous communities. Numerous studies have grouped the NHPI population with the â€Å"Asian† population in most demographic and health surveys, which fabricates the health status from these studies to portray NHPI’s as a healthy population. AccordingRead MoreThe Health Risks Of Obesity Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Obesity is one of the most significant health concerns that both children and adults in the USA are facing today. It can be defined as a condition of having too much fat in the adipose tissue of the body to the extent that it impairs body health, and is different from overweight which implies having too much body weight. This is because the weight of an overwieight person can be as a result of body muscle, fat, bone and water. However, the two terms imply that an individual’s weightRead MoreThe Health Belief Model Of The United States1367 Words   |  6 Pages 3. Overview of the Health Belief Model The Health Belief model is a psychological construct that is used to predict health behavior (see Figure 1). The two components of the model that are used to predict behavior are the perception of the threat and the perception of the benefits and barriers to taking action to reduce the threat. The perception of the threat is composed of two elements: the perception of seriousness of the threat and the perception of the susceptibility to the threat (SharafkhaniRead MoreThe Incidence of Childhood Inactive Behavior Growing at an Alarming Rate1750 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction/Overview It is accepted that the incidence of childhood inactive behavior is increasing at a disturbing rate. The physical activity level and health behavior of the youth population has the capability to be a valuable instrument in countering this undesired behavior and the obesity pandemic as well as lowering all-cause mortality (Tudor-Lock et al., 2011). According to the center for Disease Control and Prevention, childhood obesity rates have doubled among children since 1980 (McNamara et al., 2010)Read MoreEssay on Does Increased Daytime Sleep Correlate to Obesity?792 Words   |  4 PagesDue to the increasing global problem of obesity, the authors sought to analyze the relationship between total sleep time (TST) and its impact on body mass index (BMI) among adolescents. The study, which took place from October 2006 through April 2007, assessed the relationship between total sleep time, the caloric intake of healthy adolescents, and other related factors such as hunger, food cravings, an d satiety. One possible cause of obesity was attributed to the unexpected association betweenRead MoreLifestyle Interventions For Managing Obesity1485 Words   |  6 PagesLifestyle interventions for managing obesity in older adults INTRODUCTION Obesity is condition of being abnormal with excess of accumulated fat in the adipose tissue of the body to the extent which increases the health risk, illness and may lead to morality. An important cause of body fat mass is the association between energy taken and energy spent. A person becomes obese when he/she consumes more calories than they burn. Calories are necessary in orderRead MoreThe Examination of the Importance of Healthy Eating and Physical Activities in Raleigh, NC Schools844 Words   |  3 PagesProblem Background of Obesity Obesity has become a major public health issue. Healthy eating and daily physical activity play a significant role in preventing chronic diseases, such as a stroke, heart disease and cancer. These are the three leading causes of death among people under 18. The chronic disease risk factors are related to obesity. Obesity is defined as a medical condition in which excess body fat has accrued to an extent that may be a negative effect on health. Obesity in childhood cannotRead MoreKnowledge and Perception of Parents Towards Risk of Obesity in Their Preschool Children: Literature Review1308 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Literature Knowledge and perception of parents towards risk of obesity in their preschool children Student Id: Contents Literature Review 1 Barriers that parents encounter over the choice of food for their preschool child 2 Parental concerns in engaging their preschool child in physical activities 3 References 5 Appendix 6 Literature Review A major health concern of parents today is the obesity problem in children. It has been seen globally that obesity problems are increasing

The Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison Essay - 1314 Words

The Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, encompasses the themes of youth, gender, and race. The African American Civil Rights Movement had recently ended at the time the novel was written. In the book, Morrison utilizes a first-person story to convey her views on racial inequality. The protagonist and her friends find themselves in moments where they are filled with embarrassment and have a wish to flee such events. Since they are female African Americans, they are humiliated in society. One of Morrison’s essential arguments is on the theme of inequity. In The Bluest Eye, Morrison implies that American culture induces the discrimination that occurs amongst the minority groups in the United States. Before the publication of The Bluest Eye, there were many other works that explored the concept of discrimination in our society. Anais Nin, Adrienne Rich, and Virginia Woolf serve as some of the key philosophers of this time. By examining and correlating Morrison’s novel to other pi eces of literature, a poetic insight is found in the contents of the book. These poems provide the reader with a different perspective on the themes presented. Morrison utilizes this feature in her own writing, weaving her ideas with excerpts from the children’s primer Dick and Jane. Morrison does not base her content from the excerpts, but utilizes them to strengthen her beliefs. Claudia, an African American girl, faces incompetence due to her race, gender, and age. She feels powerless, wishing an escapeShow MoreRelatedThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1720 Words   |  7 Pagesof The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison, criticizes the danger of race discrimination for any kinds of situations with no exception. The purpose of the paper is explain how pervasive and destructive social racism was bound to happen in American society. The intended audiences are not only black people, but also other races had suffered racism until now. I could find out and concentrate on the most notable sym bols which are whiteness, blue eyes and the characterization while reading the novel. Toni MorrisonRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1587 Words   |  7 Pagessaid, â€Å"We were born to die and we die to live.† Toni Morrison correlates to Nelson’s quote in her Nobel Lecture of 1993, â€Å"We die. That may be the meaning of life. But we do language. That may be the measure of our lives.† In Toni Morrison’s novel, The Bluest Eye, she uses language to examine the concepts of racism, lack of self-identity, gender roles, and socioeconomic hardships as they factor into a misinterpretation of the American Dream. Morrison illustrates problems that these issues provoke throughRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison956 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Slavery Influenced the Characters of The Bluest Eye Unlike so many pieces of American literature that involve and examine the history of slavery and the years of intensely-entrenched racism that ensued, the overall plot of the novel, The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, does not necessarily involve slavery directly, but rather examines the aftermath by delving into African-American self-hatred. Nearly all of the main characters in The Bluest Eye who are African American are dominated by the endlessRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1189 Words   |  5 PagesA standard of beauty is established by the society in which a person lives and then supported by its members in the community. In the novel The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, we are given an extensive understanding of how whiteness is the standard of beauty through messages throughout the novel that whiteness is superior. Morrison emphasizes how this ideality distorts the minds and lives of African-American women and children. He emphasizes that in order for African-American wom en to survive in aRead MoreThe Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison1095 Words   |  5 PagesSocial class is a major theme in the book The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison. Toni Morrison is saying that there are dysfunctional families in every social class, though people only think of it in the lower class. Toni Morrison was also stating that people also use social class to separate themselves from others and apart from race; social class is one thing Pauline and Geraldine admire.Claudia, Pecola, and Frieda are affected by not only their own social status, but others social status too - for exampleRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison2069 Words   |  9 Pagesblack/whiteness. Specifically, white people were positioned at the upper part of the hierarchy, whereas, African Americans were inferior. Consequently, white people were able to control and dictate to the standards of beauty. In her novel, ‘The Bluest Eye’, Toni Morrison draws upon symbolism, narrative voice, setting and id eals of the time to expose the effects these standards had on the different characters. With the juxtaposition of Claudia MacTeer and Pecola Breedlove, who naively conforms to the barrierRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1103 Words   |  5 Pages Toni Morrison is known for her prized works exploring themes and issues that are rampant in African American communities. Viewing Toni Morrison’s novel The Bluest Eye from a psychoanalytical lens sheds light onto how, as members of a marginalized group, character’s low self-esteem reflect into their actions, desires, and defense mechanisms. In her analysis of psychoanalytical criticism, Lois Tyson focuses on psychological defense mechanisms such as selective perception, selective memory, denialRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1462 Words   |  6 PagesBildungsroman literature in the 20th century embodies the virtues of different authors’ contexts and cultures, influencing the fictional stories of children’s lives around the world.. The Bluest Eye is a 1970 publication by Toni Morrison set in 1940s Ohio in America, focal around the consequence of racism in an American community on the growth of a child, distinct in its use of a range of narrative perspectives. Annie John by Jamaica Kincaid is a novel set in post colonial Antigua, published in 1985Read MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison992 Words   |  4 PagesSet in the 1940s, during the Great Depression, the novel The Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, illustrates in the inner struggles of African-American criticism. The Breedloves, the family the sto ry revolves around a poor, black and ugly family. They live in a two-room store front, which is open, showing that they have nothing. In the family there is a girl named Pecola Breedlove, she is a black and thinks that she is ugly because she is not white. Pecola’s father, Cholly Breedlove, goes through humiliatedRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1044 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison confirms the existence of racism within the African American community. Unbelievably, many African Americans suffer from what is termed internalized racism. Internalized racism produces the same effect as racial racism: feelings of worthlessness, inferiority, and unattractiveness. In addition, the effect can produce the opposite feelings: superiority, hatred, and feelings of self-worth. Pecola, an 11-year-old black girl, desires to have the physical characteristics

Wireless Communication Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Acces

Questions: 1. Compare and contrast three data encryption standards for WiMAX networks?2. Research the security challenges for any two examples of WPAN technologies. Answers: 1.Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) IEEE 802.16 standard based wireless communication family who is capable of allotting multiple physical (PHY) layers and options like Media Access Control (MAC). The three major encryptions available in WiMAX are AES-CTR, AES-CBC, and AES-CCM (Fahrny, 2016). AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) in CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) mode is one of the most used ones where the data goes through AES. The feedback is then applied to the original signal so that the same encryption is not obtained after every step hence making it harder to decode it (Zhou et al., 2015). The data is processed in chunks of that have a definite block size which is the function of the AES (e.g. 128-bit block). The synchronization should exist between the coder and decoder else the messages will be illegible. AES in CCM (Counter with CBC-MAC) is a universal authenticate and encrypt block ciphering process and can be used only for 128-bit chunks. For the process of authentication, the authentication field is computed using CBC-MAC. The performance of CBC depends solely on the speed of the cipher implementation (Arnold Dames Marik, 2016). The encryption and authentication require two basic encryption operations, and the addition of the additional blocks requires additional time. AES in CTR (Counter) is the most used of all the encryption modules, and many applications are made secure using this mode. The CTR modes use the counter in contrast to the IV (Initialization Vector) that is used in the other modes. The counter used in this case is modified to serve the purpose of encryption and hence contains a nonce and counter block (Zhou et al., 2015). Padding is not required for the plain text for the block size of the cipher. AES in CBC AES in CCM AES in CTR Has initialization vector (IV), hence requires randomness each time encryption is done The combination of CBC-MAC and counter mode. This mode authenticates and then encrypts Simple to implement and the creation of pseudo-random streams is independent of plain texts Changing a part of message requires re-encryption Requires two blocks of operation of encryption The pseudo-random streams are generated from the nonce by counting up. Error in transmission totally destroys information The Same key can be used for both encryption and the counter Maximum length of messages is ensured to prevent the overlap Transmission also affects the decryption of the subsequent block Transmission error is less severe compared to the other two Effect of transmission errors is concentrated to the wrong bits only Encryption is serial, but the decryption can be parallelized Parallelized encryption and decryption Both the encryption and decryption is parallelized. Table1: Comparison Between the three encryption processes (Table Source: As created by author) 2. WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) is a short distance wireless network that is mainly used for the purpose of connecting the devices for personal usage. The devices that can be connected can be of wide range like PDA, Mobile phones, PCs, etc. There are various technologies that serve the purpose of WPAN (Latha Arockiasamy 2012); some of them are INSTEON, IrDA, Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc. Zigbee is a WPAN application which is based on IEEE 802.16 specifications, for high level communication using low power digital radio waves. Threats Impact Physical Attack Physical attacks are carried out by directly tampering device to gain access to the system. These types of attacks can prove detrimental to the security of the system. The devices that are connected continuously ping each other in an encrypted language which is hard to compromise. A person can access the device and set a serial interface that compromises the security. Key attacks The devices that are continuously communicating with each other use the encryption key for authentication. A remote attack that mimics the working of the ZigBee records the data that are being transferred which can be decrypted with advanced software thus compromising the security parameters of the device (Xiao et al., 2015). Replay or Injection Attacks In this attack, the malicious codes are sent over the network with the authentication packets that are recognized the device. Since the ZigBee modules are very lightweight and use the packets that are small in nature, these devices are prone to this type of attack. In this scenario, the packets are designed to look like they are from the authentic source. Once the data is received the program unpacks itself and compromises the network. Signal Jamming Signal jamming is easier in the case of ZigBee as the power used for transmission is very low hence a power low noise is capable of disrupting the services that are provided by the module. Table 2: The types of threats to the system and their impact (Table source: As created by author) Bluetooth is a standard developed for information interchange over a short distance. It operates in the range of 2402-2480 MHz for the transaction and is regulated but unlicensed. Threats Impact DOS DOS (Denial of Services), is an attack which stops the services that are provided by the wireless module. Signal jamming is an effective way of injecting noises into the system so that the devices that are connected to the system stop communicating with each other Bluejacking The Bluetooth user can transfer various data over a Bluetooth network. Bluejacking is sharing an infected file that can infect the user's phonebook and behave like a device that transmits the virus over to other phones that are connected to the specific device (Minar Tarique, 2012). Bluebugging It is a method of cracking the phone through Bluetooth hence enabling the hacker to access all the information available over the phone. The features like calling and sending the texts too can be controlled hence making this attack extremely effective way of creating a disaster Eavesdropping It is an advanced way of cracking the Bluetooth headset so that the data that are sent to the phone or is received by the headset can be deciphered for listening to the calls. Table 2: The types of threats to the system and their impact (Table source: As created by author) References Fahrny, J. W. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 9,332,320. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Arnold, T. W., Dames, E. A., Marik, M. D. (2016).U.S. Patent Application No. 15/096,372. Zhou, J., Ma, M., Feng, Y., Nguyen, T. N. (2015). A symmetric key-based pre-authentication protocol for secure handover in mobile WiMAX networks.The Journal of Supercomputing, 1-18. Latha, M., Arockiasamy, S. (2012). The Performance Evaluation of QoS in Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) on Impact of Bluetooth Worms.Journal of Wireless Networking and Communications,2(5), 111-116. Xiao, Y., Cao, J., Lai, X., Huang, Z., Zhang, B., Qin, Z., Song, Q. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 8,984,287. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Minar, N. B. N. I., Tarique, M. (2012). Bluetooth security threats and solutions: a survey.International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems,3(1), 127.

The English Language Essays - English Languages, English Language

The English Language The history of the English language The English language is very complex. What one may not know is that the creation of English goes back many years. Throughout time English has developed greatly by adapting words and meanings from different eras in time and is still constantly growing today. This marvellous language has four major generations, Old English, Middle English, Modern English, and Canadian English. Through each era English has grown into the beautiful language it has become today. Old English dates back all the way to 450 A.D, when the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons invaded Britain. Just in Old English itself, there are three dialects, West Saxon, Kentish, and Anglian. Old English has been influenced the most over the years due to being the oldest generation of the language. Most of this apparatus was lost and English became the analytic language it is today. There were no silent letters in Old English. The Danish court was a great influence on the English language towards simplification. Inflections were slowly dropped so that communication could become easier since the stems of the English and Danish words were similar. Latin was introduced by Christian missionaries forming the alphabet which was used to write our Old English texts. All of these concepts intensely altered Middle English. The Norman Conquest set French as the official language of England. French, with its Latin vocabulary, was the language of the English court, of English government, and of English art, society, and literature for three hundred years. In Middle English the Anglo-Saxons had to learn French terms, but they retained their own vocabulary too. English was continuously influenced by Large-scale borrowing of new words. This language became less synthetic and more analytic in grammar. The language mixed to form Norman-English as time passed. Wycliffe and Chaucer's writing helped make Norman-English the official language of England. The English language wasn't done growing yet. Modern English was formed during the Renaissance where new words multiplied including many Romance words and a large proportion of Greek. Words meanings changed as the language grew, meat now meaning animal flesh used as food, but back then it meant any solid food. Anglo-Saxon words have vanished from everyday speech and writing because they words aren't used anymore due to their older, out date meanings. Words are added to our language as political, economic, and social institutions change and develop. As inventions are created they are given new names, which are added to our vocabulary. Specific names are created for just Canadian English as well. Canadian English's base is in the eighteenth century of North America. The language was also changed by immigration of refugees of the Revolutionary Wars into Canada. Distinct languages are created because of geographic or social separation. The settlers and native peoples language added to Canadian English. Speaking patterns from early immigrants also influenced our language as did the difference of language in Upper and Lower Canada and the eighty percent of Americans living in Upper Canada during the war of eighteen twelve. Upper and Lower Canada were more affected by the loyalists. All together the languages reflect the way Canada functions and grows.

Clinton Scandal Essays - Lewinsky Scandal, Drudge Report

Clinton Scandal Essays - Lewinsky Scandal, Drudge Report Clinton Scandal The Clinton Sex Scandal Rare is a person that crosses the path of the White House without some emotion of envy or awe. This building epitomizes world leadership and unprecedented power. This renowned leadership may be the only association made by certain countries, while in the United States many see an other significance: Watergate, Whitewater, Kennedy's brutal and mysterious assassination, and today, Clinton's zippergate scandal. When the President of the United States takes oath, he gives up a part of his life. His private life becomes the public's life, and they feel the right to know what happens behind the Oval Office. Now the Presidency must battle against Newspaper journalists, radio personalities, televised news reports and now, even more menacing: the Internet. Presidents, who are constantly reminded of their power and prestigious rank, become exasperated because they cannot control the news media, even though they can to a large degree set the news agenda. Media has expanded in its presence, becoming widespread on the Internet, perhaps monopolizing the domain, by becoming more powerful and more used than written, televised or radio journalism. The Presidents' inability to control the press exposes their vulnerability and tends to question the actual power they can actually exert. All presidents, at some time or another, became frustrated at what they perceived as unfair treatment by the press, even while acknowledging its vital function in a free society, and many presidents have been a part of a scandal. The current presidential scandal with Monica Lewinsky had swept the Nation overnight. It seems quite impossible to know just how it will all turn out, and unfair to even speculate, but the media certainly seems to think they possess that right. It is obvious that this story has changed the face of journalism, has put online media on the map in a major way, and has made life more difficult for newspapers forever. First, let's take a look at how this story developed and how it acted on the Internet. David Noack of E&P in his article Web's Big Role in Sex Controversy does a great job of detailing the twisting path this tale took from rumor to investigation to publication, and how the Internet played a key part. Noack points out in his article that the Clinton/Lewinsky scandal has drastically changed online media. He writes: A year ago, most newspapers and news magazines adhered to the hard rule that they would not stoop themselves by putting breaking news on their Web sites before it appeared in their print editions. But a rapidly-growing public demand for almost instant Web coverage of breaking national news stories has forced even the largest newspapers and magazines- like the Washington Post and Newsweek-to abandon the old rule. Out with the old, in with the new. It is easy to think breaking stories online could dilute journalists' on-paper presence; now many have realized that online media puts all journalists on equal footing with radio and TV. So who drove this change, pushing away the status quo? Matt Drudge, author of The Drudge Report. It is still the Internet's gold rush period and everyone is running around trying to make a profit. The irony is that the person who best embodies what's revolutionary about the Internet has made next to no money from it: Matt Drudge, 30, is the author of The Drudge Report, a bulletin of entertainment gossip, political rumor and witty meta-news. His web page (drudgereport.com) is austere; it consists of a headline, links to news sources and some black and white clip art. Apparently he is really quite well informed, he reads 18 newspapers a day and he admires politics enough to go after both sides of the story when the time comes. Drudge's contact list has been expanding far quicker than his bank account he now has a huge following, with a mailing list of over 85,000 people. This web journalist has such an impact on the Internet that last week he managed to cause consternation in the White House-and this was not the first time. He flagged a story Newsweek had been sitting on for six months: that President Clinton may have propositioned a White House worker named Kathleen Willey on federal property. I

Battle of Wagram - Napoleonic Wars Battle of Wagram

Battle of Wagram - Napoleonic Wars Battle of Wagram Conflict: The Battle of Wagram was the deciding battle of the War of the Fifth Coalition (1809) during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Date: Fought east of Vienna, near the village of Wagram, the battle occurred on July 5-6, 1809. Commanders Armies: French Napoleon I180,000 men Austrians Archduke Charles155,000 men Battle Summary: Following his defeat at Aspern-Essling (May 21-22) after trying to force a crossing of the Danube, Napoleon reinforced his army and built up a large supply base on the isle of Lobau. By early July, he felt ready to make another attempt. Moving out with approximately 190,000 men, the French crossed the river and moved onto a plain known as the Marchfeld. On the opposite side of the field, Archduke Charles and his 140,000 men took positions along the Heights of Russbach. Deploying near Aspern and Essling, the French drove back the Austrian outposts and captured the villages. By late afternoon the French were fully formed up after encountering some delays crossing the bridges. Hoping to end the battle in one day, Napoleon ordered an attack which failed to achieve any significant results. At dawn, the Austrians launched a diversionary attack against the French right flank, while a major assault was brought against the left. Pushing the French back, the Austrians were succeeding until Napoleon formed a grand battery of 112 guns, which along with reinforcements, stopped the attack. On the right, the French had turned the tide and were advancing. This coupled with a massive attack on the Austrian center that split Charles army in two won the day for the French. Five days after the battle, Archduke Charles sued for peace. In the fighting, the French suffered a staggering 34,000 casualties, while the Austrians endured 40,000.

Family Relations and Dynamics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Family Relations and Dynamics - Assignment Example Family Relations and Dynamics There are various issues that have been characteristic of families especially when a critical analysis and evaluation lacks, these includes, domestic violence, child abuse, teen violence, suicide, aging, depression, divorce, and separation among others. Theses aspects have profound implications on the well-being of the family if proper management is deficient. In contrary, there are families that are characterized by peace, well being, mutual understanding, unity and being development minded among others. The foundation of such, in most cases is a key player in the way growth and development happens. There are four major aspects of critical thinking that makes a family develop the above-mentioned positive traits; these elements are sound reasoning, rationality, logic and constructive arguments. Research has pointed out various advantages of critical thinking in a family setup that drives a healthy family, contrary to which unethical and morally unacceptable happenings and mindsets ta kes toll. Various authors have put across their arguments and counterarguments concerning family relationships and dynamics. This paper will focus on some of the thoughts presented by various scholars, commentators, writers and analysts while providing a critical view of the arguments presented. The acquisition of this knowledge is very beneficial to every body since we are all part of a family; it is paramount that we understand the dynamics therein and have a defined action plan. A critical thinker is a uniting factor, promoter of the social as well as the economic well being of a family. Teens are part of the family; they are very explorative and are very much under the influence of the adolescent stage of growth. The ability to master the dynamics that accompanies this stage can help in facilitating growth of healthy teens that have a positive perception of life. In addition, they are able to overcome some of the pressures that come with the stage. According to Francine Kiefer a nd Neil Erwin of ‘The Christian Science Monitor’, taming adolescence in order to prevent related incidences such violence requires diverse interventions. They advocate for customized efforts that range from simplistic means such as giving rewards for good acts and the complement of good acts by demonstrating appreciation through a word of mouth. In addition, psychological counseling programs can be embraced especially for behaviors that are getting to be exposed publicly. The family is the ore unit that should look into this aspect; however, the community too has its input. Friends shape one’s behavior while the teachers also should embrace the same aspects to make the teens develop to overcome adolescence. The conclusive remarks that were made by David Osher, a researcher with the American Institutes for Research, depicts that there is a possibility of a complete transformation in teenagers if proper preventive measures are implemented. The two authors suggest t hat the convectional means of having to frisk students so that they are seen to be unarmed was an aspect that encouraged violence the more. A more close home approach that does not require much effort is the introduction of ‘red stickers’, communication tools that warn that doing something has certain consequences. To complement this strategy, the teenagers are allowed around twenty minutes in a day to learn social skills. It is reported that the best

Does Virgin Group need a growth strategy if yes what is it if not do Essay

Does Virgin Group need a growth strategy if yes what is it if not do you find it odd justify your answer - Essay Example Product development strategy involves the creation of completely or slightly dissimilar products from the existing products. The new product contains added benefits and satisfies the customer’s new desires caused by changing trends (Grant, 2013). Diversification strategy is primarily used in businesses despite being a highly risky operation. Diversification encompasses introduction of a new product to a completely new environment or market. Needless to say, diversification does not guarantee success to a new business venture and this makes a business that adopts it vulnerable to losses. On the other hand, market penetration strategy involves marketing the same product in the same market with the ambition of attaining more market shares. This is primarily done by lowering the prices of the products (Grant, 2013). Notably, acquisition is a new growth strategy in which the business buys another company so as to develop its activities and operations. Market development growth strategy involves enlarging the market to which the goods or services are to be purchased. In essence, it expands the overall market for a particular product, service or a business. This requires an organization to lay down comprehensive and diverse procedures in order to expand its market. Conversely, an organization can try venturing into new sectors of the market, which, in turn, broadens the markets served by the company products or services. Additionally, this strategy also entails entering more than one segment of the market. The more the number of segments a business ventures the greater its market is expanded (Grant, 2013). An organization can correspondingly convert the potential customers to active customers by adding value or flavour to their products and services. Potential customers are the customers’ who can purchase the product, but do not purchase it because of unknown reasons. Changing the non-users to users expands

Identifying the Intertwining Aspects of Free

Identifying the Intertwining Aspects of Freedom Essay To truly comprehend the depth of ones’ determination, a literary character-psychologist must take a step back and realign their perspective with various individualistic and public opinions. In my analysis of Richard Rodriguez’s: Hunger of Memory The Education of Richard Rodriguez and Azar Nafisi’s Reading Lolita in Tehran I shall ponder the intricacies of several major themes associated within these controversial texts. In uncovering the underlying principles, we must first accept that there are intermingling concepts and themes. These themes and concepts are vital to the overall arguments found in each literary work. My analysis shall play a key role in evaluating how each piece plays its own role within the respective work. My diligent analysis shall ultimately focus on: the interweaving significance of self-identity, the essence behind a characters acceptance of public identity, the overwhelming drive to be successful in an ethnocentric society, the challenges associated with overcoming adversity, the complex vitality of ones’ definition of freedom(s), and finally the all-encompassing importance associated with education. My scrutiny of these works shall bring several sources into play in order to support the conclusions being drawn within this paper. Along with two literary works which emphasize the central themes expressed above, I shall be incorporating the movie, iRobot, one magazine article, one newspaper article, a reliable internet source, a singular case study, and lastly a peer interview into the scope of my paper. From the get-go, I shall seek to instill within the reader the acceptance that these themes are both an internalized as well as externalized challenge. We shall be uncovering how these changes affect different individuals on differing emotional, psychological, sociological, and physical levels. Let us proceed with comprehending the significance of how self-identity is formed on the part of our characters and how it affects our perspective of self-freedoms. Self-identity is essentially a private perspective being formed of how one reflects how they see themselves. Per Wikipedia, this self-concept is all about the â€Å"mental and conceptual understanding and persistent regard that sentient beings hold for their own existence† and is key to comprehending who you feel that you truly are on the inside. On the part of Richard Rodriguez, his self-perspective was one of true confusion where his â€Å"words could not stretch far enough to form complete thoughts† and his embarrassment â€Å"to hear (his) parents speak in public (where) their high-whining vowels and guttural consonants† was so unlike â€Å"the way gringos spoke† (14-15). Lost within his own misconceptions of American versus his Mexican immigrate status, he succumbed to being quiet, and timid. In his novel, he reflects that today he hears â€Å"bilingual educators say that children lose a degree of ‘individuality’ by becoming assimilated into public society† but they fail to see that assimilation has its benefits and is a necessity (26). This is because it eventually leads to a public individuality versus the private one; hence, isolation is less prevalent. Feeling secure within the world of books, he delved into reading and acquiring acknowledge as a means to understanding his essence. This tactic was one method of uncovering ones’ self-identity. The old saying that knowledge is power always plays an intricate role within a developing young mind and personality. For Rodriguez, this attainment of knowledge led to a greater comfort level in his sense of freedom. The case study from Economic Mobility of Immigrants in the United States from Economic Mobility Project states that â€Å"†¦second generation immigrants exceed the educational attainment of the first generation†¦(where) education is (considered) one vehicle that immigrants use to help their children get ahead. † This case study indicates that education is a determinant of wages and income in the United States, which Rodriguez had the early foresight to see. The bar graphs presented in this case study show that there is a definite correlation between those without an education from immigrants families and the amount of money they brought in weekly and annually. Because Rodriguez was socially disadvantaged, came from a family without an education, and characterized as lacking linguistic skills, he found himself literally tongue-tied in social environments. Instead he wisely shut himself off from the social world, and uncovered the monumental significance of learning material that children his age perhaps ignored. This level of sophistication created a self-identity tied to sophisticated thoughts and impressions. He indicates that he â€Å"felt that (he) had somehow committed a sin of betrayal by learning English† and though he acknowledges that he â€Å"turned to English with angry reluctance† he felt that his parents â€Å"encouraged (him) to learn English† (30). His social growth was stagnate at first by his overwhelming concern that people did not comprehend his immigrant status, but upon coming to terms with his ethnocentric background and westernization his self-awareness grew by leaps and bounds. As a â€Å"scholarship boy† (62) , he found himself literally memorizing words and phrases presented to students by their teachers. His self-identity became inter-wound with the idea of success, and this was â€Å"his primary reason for success in the classroom†¦(and) that schooling was changing and separating him from the life he enjoyed before becoming a student† (45). His drive for education enabled him to seek out new information and achieve successes that he might otherwise not have sought out. He has had the chance to incorporate his self-identity into an acceptance of his public one. His public identity was fashioned after society saw a well-educated Mexican immigrant who was driven by education and knowledge to pursue his dreams for higher education. Prior, the public had seen immigrants as mainly blue collar works with limited English linguistic skills and considered immigrants to be worthy of only remedial jobs. He reflects that â€Å"dark skin for my mother was the most important symbol of a life of oppressive labor and poverty†¦and the work (his) father found in San Francisco was work for the unskilled. A factory job†¦(where there was)†¦noise and heat.. and the dark stench of old urine† (119-120). These stories from his parents and awareness of blue collar jobs aided Rodriguez in his endeavors to educate himself; thus building a higher level of self-esteem that he otherwise would have lacked considering his preoccupation and concern that he was of immigrant status. His early and youthful withdraw from his family might be considered somewhat of a con, but in fact it showed him that his family in its way supported his desire to be successful and not become part of the blue collar workforce. His assimilation and learning of English lead to â€Å"diminished occasions of intimacy† at home because he â€Å"sensed the deepest truth about language and intimacy: Intimacy is not created by a particular language; it is created by intimacies† where this feeling arose because he used his public language, English, most of the day to move â€Å"easily† through society. (32) Through mature self-awareness he later became aware of the value associated with family and seemingly acknowledges that his family and immigrant background was like a reverse role model-ship. One example of this distance was when his father one day â€Å"opened a closet†¦and was startled to find me inside, reading a novel† (45) which was highly unusual and led to his family joking about what he â€Å"sees in (his) books†. This cultural adversity and mental hardships molded Rodriguez into a man who was ultimately virtuous, highly respected, successful, and knowledgeable. It also encouraged him to intellectually analyze material and find security in learning. This ethnocentric challenge to fit in is not unheard of for first generation children of immigrants. In reality, there are many immigrants from all over the world who come to America seeking to fulfill their hopes and dreams. Some come here under refugee status, some as students, others as H1 workers, and many as illegal immigrants. It is interesting that many have their own story and experience to tell about living in a foreign country. From my driving instructor, Victor Yang, I told that in Saudi Arabia they arrest both the driver and spouse of the driver if they were caught drinking while under the influence. You would think that only the guilty party would be affected, but in this manner the spouse too suffers. Therefore, the husband would probably feel less inclined to commit such a crime again as his loved ones too pay a penalty for violating the law. It might eliminate the freedom of the innocent, but for some it is the psychological and emotional embarrassment suffered by the guilty which limited the violations. I had the opportunity to work with a Muslim refugee from Bosnian who came to America as a teenager, and who was given the hard responsibility of caring for her one-armed mom whose left arm was blown off in the Bosnian marketplace, illiterate father, and young sister. She had to perform all the linguist responsibilities of obtaining paperwork, living space, find a job for her father, enrolling her kid sister in elementary school, running a household, and finally making her way through school. Her determination for education, her drive to live up to her own self-identity, her goals, and her insistence that the family not be on welfare lead to her having a successful job in corporate America. During my many conversations with her, I have heard how difficult it can be to insert your awareness of yourself and goals into a society which covertly favors Americans versus immigrants. Hers too is a story of triumph over adversity. Hers too is the story of many immigrants who faced identity hurdles, but stuck to their determination and knowledge-driven mindset. Her motto is â€Å"Always be self-driven and self-aware. † From my friend’s experiences as immigrant, I found myself curious as an American in uncovering if this â€Å"melting pot† was truly functional or fictional. One newspaper article that I ran into within the Washington Post, â€Å"America’s Racial and Ethnic Divides: Immigrants Shunning Idea of Assimilation† illustrates how a naturalized Mexican does not feel like she is American and she â€Å"resists the idea of assimilating into U. S. society (because she says) ‘I think I’m still Mexican†¦when my skin turns white and my hair turns blonde, then I’ll be an American†. From her external perspective and self-image, like Rodriguez had encountered, she is being differentiated by her skin color. The article points out that â€Å"it is no longer the melting pot that is transforming them, but they who are transforming American society. † Their inputs and idea of freedom and identity enable them to bring new perspectives and ideas into the American society; hence, the melting pot theory is invalid. We might consider it more to be a bowl of chili where every ingredient plays its own role in the end flavor. This ‘segmented assimilation, in which immigrants follow different paths to incorporation in U. S. society’ allows for immigrants to educate themselves and take advantage of opportunities and freedoms that they might not otherwise have. This also enables them to more easily face hurdles and complexities within their public identity. Richard Rodriguez found himself in a more difficult position because of his desire to not be defined as Mexican; which was his own self-identity in question.

The Hobbit by JRR Tolkein :: essays research papers

â€Å"The Hobbit† Book Report   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The Hobbit† was written by J. R. R. Tolkien and secured as a copyright in 1937. The story is about a short, peaceful creature named Bilbo Baggins who, like most hobbits, is about half as tall as a human, but not nearly as loud. Bilbo resides in his comfortable hole where he leads a very easy-going life. He does, however have a side to himself that wants to go out and explore the world and be adventurous. One day a wizard, named Gandalf, comes to Bilbo’s house and discovers that he could use an adventure to make a difference in his life. Bilbo declines Gandalf’s invitation, but gets dragged into an expedition when Gandalf hires Bilbo as a â€Å"Burglar† to join a group of dwarves. These dwarves, led by Thorin, are going to head to the Lonely Mountain to reclaim treasure stolen from their family by a fierce dragon, named Smaug. Throughout the quest, the party is faced with trouble from trolls, goblins, spiders, and many â€Å"evil† creatures. Bi lbo is useful to the group because he can sneak around very quietly, and explore things without getting caught. This ability to sneak around is ever increased when he stumbles across a magic ring that makes him invisible. Using the ring, Bilbo comes across a way to kill the dragon and reclaim the treasure. He spreads word of Smaug’s weak spot and the dragon is killed, but not before an entire town is destroyed. When the treasure is reclaimed, there is much controversy over who gets to claim it. Thorin is, however, unwilling to share the treasure with anyone but the dwarves, and a war brews over it. The â€Å"good† creatures unite and defeat the â€Å"evil† creatures, but as a consequence Thorin is killed in battle. The treasure is then spread peacefully among the â€Å"good† creatures, including Bilbo, and he heads home. When he returns he finds that the other hobbits do no longer wish to interact with Bilbo because of his newfound adventurous ways. He do esn’t mind though, because he has gained many friends out of his expedition, who stop by frequently. The Hobbit is a great story for people who like to leave their present reality, and simply enter a world of fantasy. This novel’s most important element was the main character, Bilbo Baggins. The entire story revolves around Bilbo’s actions, and follows him wherever he goes.

Bordean Hill Cottages Essay

WHAT IS THIS LETTER ABOUT? I am writing this letter to apply for the position of a Senior Prefect at Eggar’s School as I believe I would be an ideal representative for the school and a good role model to those younger than me. INTRO – APPLYING APPLICATION I am genuinely very happy at Eggar’s School and it would be a privilege to be part of the Senior Prefect team underpinning the good work that is done by the staff. I see this position as a central part of the school’s foundations, traditions, and effective communication between students, teachers and the local community. Being a senior prefect is one of the top roles a student can have at a school. They work with the teachers to create a better learning environment and provide opportunities for others to succeed. THE ROLE – WHY IS THE ROLE IMPORTANT? HOW WE VALUE PREFECTS? – GENERAL Personally, I believe that having Senior prefects are important as they act as a leading demonstration of the school’s ethos to the ‘outside world’, not only to the parents of current and prospective pupils but the people in the community surrounding our school. Senior prefects act as leaders; they do this with energy and enthusiasm and with a willingness to put others before themselves. Given their status as leaders and role models, Senior Prefects are a visible and active presence around the school. WHY I WANT TO BE A SENIOR PREFECT What school will get out of it – I believe that if I was to become Senior Prefect, I would be able to share my knowledge and advice about the school to suggest improvements from an experienced pupil’s perspective. I would also be able to provide on-going practical support such as parents evenings, sports days, helping out Eggar’s newspapers etc. My knowledge about the school and how it runs from a pupils perspective (experience gained over the last four years) On-going practical supports (eg. Events, parents evenings, sports days, newsletters, teacher etc†¦) Representing the school Being part of the student voice – giving ideas I have gained from being a senior prefect and applying them towards What I want to get out with it   I think as a person I would also widely benefit from becoming Senior Prefect. I would develop my personal skills and qualities including leadership, responsibility and a sense of service which would help me later in life when I have future careers. Being able to demonstrate high expectations of myself and others is very important to me and something I have always tried to maintain over my many years at Eggar’s School. Managing the extra responsibility with professionalism, integrity, sensitivity and good humour is something I wish to gain if I was to become senior prefect. Nevertheless, I believe that becoming a Senior prefect will push me further to continue my commitment to academic success as this has always been very important to me. Furthermore, to receive recognition from Senior staff and being identified to the student body as someone who has, through my actions and efforts, aspired to exemplify the expectations of Eggar’s school would make me very proud. Looking ahead, I know that the experience of being a prefect will bring added value to my further education and career prospects as it will provide positive evidence for collage and job references. Training from the school/staff particularly in relationship to the leadership role To extend CV Provide positive evidence for collage and job references Develop my ability to use my initiative Benefit from the many opportunities to develop personal skills and qualities, including leadership, responsibility, sense of service and trust Being able to demonstrate high expectations of myself and others Make significant contributions to the wider life of the school To have continued commitment to academic success To be able to manage the extra responsibility with professionalism, integrity, sensitivity and good humour. Be self-motivated, proactive and a reliable team member Receive recognition from Senior staff and being identified to the student body as someone who has, through my actions and efforts, aspired to exemplify the expectations of Eggar’s school. STRENGTHS/WEEKNESSES WHY I AM THE RIGHT PERSON FOR THE JOB (GIVE EXAMLES) PERSONALITY AND SKILLS I think I am the right person to take on a role of senior prefect as I am a trustworthy, reliable and responsible person. On numerous occasions I have devoted time to come into school and participate in school fetes, parent’s evenings and showing parents round the school. This is not something that I feel I have to do, but something that I put myself forward for as I enjoy being part of the Eggar’s community. Furthermore, I have proved to be a good ambassador and role model for the school as in year 8 I put myself forward for the role of helping out at the OAP Party which takes place once a year. During this experience I am also very willing to take on extra responsibility. An example of this is when I volunteered to participate in Eggar’s E-learning group. This is where I had the opportunity to help primary school children develop their ICT skills. In the process, my team were successful in winning the competition for the task that was set. I have had a number of opportunities to develop my communication skills. An example of this when I was asked to participate in the BBC School Report in year 8 with around 20 other students. I found this very useful to help develop my team building skills and I will be able to use this skill if I got the role of senior prefect to help motivate and encourage the prefect team. In terms of academic success, I have always given my full commitment and been very self-disciplined. Which has given me very credible results. I was included in the Eggar’s 21 Club which gave me a real sense of pride. I felt that all my hard work had paid off and I would like to, as a Senior Prefect, be able  to encourage other students to work towards this accolade. I have always realised that maintaining a consistently high attendance record (98.3%) will result in a higher level of academic achievement. My participation in many sports days has given me invaluable teamwork and leadership skills, as I have represented my house in a variety of events. This is valuable experience for the position of Senior prefect, as I feel I will be able to carry out a wide variety of tasks required in this demanding position. UNIFORM Not only is it essential that I represent the school by acting very responsibly, both in my manner and academically, it is equally important that I take a pride in my appearance and dress appropriately. WHAT IS MY VISON/ WHAT I CAN BRING TO THE JOB I feel that I can bring a lot to the role of senior prefect as I am very self-disciplined and this quality would help manage my prefect duties with my study commitments and outside school activities. SUMMARY Thank you for considering my application and taking the time out to read it. Yours sincerely, Eleanor Howard

Macbeth Act 5 Scene 3 Essay

In William Shakespeare’s Act 5 Scene 3 of Macbeth, a complete different side of Macbeth is revealed. In the beginning of the play Macbeth is a man who cannot even stand up for himself, and a man who completely relies on his wife to make major decisions. Then the very next day Macbeth becomes a man who murder, the king Duncan, and then two servants, and later his best friend Banquo. This man, Macbeth, is a psychopath, he see’s s ghost of Banquo during a dinner banquet. Finally Macbeth even kills a defenseless woman and her innocent child. Macbeth’s dissent to madness becomes completely evident in Act 5 Scene 3. This scene takes place in the castle of Dunsinane and is extremely important for it revels Mactheth’s change over the course of the play and his character. In this scene Macbeth has totally become a tyrant king who is filled with anger, hate and cockiness. In the beginning of the scene he takes his anger out on the messenger by calling him a â€Å"creamfaced loon† (Act 5. 3. 12) This response to the messenger is important for it shows how Macbeth is filled with rage and how he is a tyrant. His abuse of power as king is also revealed when he becomes enraged at the doctor by saying â€Å"throw psychic to the dogs†. This shows his impatience with the doctor for not being able to curing Lady Macbeth. (5. 3. 57-78) Macbeth continues to insult the doctor. He says to cure â€Å"cleanse the bosom of the perilous stuff†. The doctors is very insulted and states that profit again will never motivate him to come back to help Macbeth. Also in this scene Macbeth acts oddly, for example he wants to wear his armor much before the battle starts. Macbeth truly acts like a tyrant in this scene. He tells his assistant Seyton to â€Å"hang anyone who talks of fear†. (5. 3. 42) Macbeth’s interactions with others such as the doctor and messenger and Seyton show his irrationality and even allude to his insanity. This scene in Macbeth is very important for it shows the character of Macbeth which confirms his tyranny and how he is not fit to be king. Finally this scene shows how Macbeth is the sickness for Scotland. This scene also shows the importance of Macbeth being overthrown by Malcolm so that the tyranny caused by Macbeth would end.

A Beginners Guide to the Renaissance

A Beginners Guide to the Renaissance The Renaissance was a cultural and scholarly movement which stressed the rediscovery and application of texts and thought from classical antiquity, occurring in Europe c. 1400 – c. 1600. The Renaissance can also refer to the period of European history spanning roughly the same dates. Its increasingly important to stress that the Renaissance had a long history of developments that included the twelfth-century renaissance and more. What Was the Renaissance? There remains debate about what exactly constituted the Renaissance. Essentially, it was a cultural and intellectual movement, intimately tied to society and politics, of the late 14th to early 17th centuries, although it is commonly restricted to just the 15th and 16th centuries. It is considered to have originated in Italy. Traditionally people have claimed it was stimulated, in part, by Petrarch, who had a passion for rediscovering lost manuscripts and a fierce belief in the civilizing power of ancient thought and in part by conditions in Florence. At its core, the Renaissance was a movement dedicated to the rediscovery and use of classical learning, that is to say, knowledge and attitudes from the Ancient Greek and Roman eras. Renaissance literally means ‘rebirth’, and Renaissance thinkers believed the period between themselves and the fall of Rome, which they labeled the Middle Ages, had seen a decline in cultural achievement compared with the earlier eras. Participants intended, through the study of classical texts, textual criticism, and classical techniques, to both reintroduce the heights of those ancient days and improve the situation of their contemporaries. Some of these classical texts survived only amongst Islamic scholars and were brought back to Europe at this time. The Renaissance Period â€Å"Renaissance† can also refer to the period, c. 1400 – c. 1600. â€Å"High Renaissance† generally refers to c. 1480 – c. 1520. The era was dynamic, with European explorers â€Å"finding† new continents, the transformation of trading methods and patterns, the decline of feudalism (in so far as it ever existed), scientific developments such as the Copernican system of the cosmos and the rise of gunpowder. Many of these changes were triggered, in part, by the Renaissance, such as classical mathematics stimulating new financial trading mechanisms, or new techniques from the east boosting ocean navigation. The printing press was also developed, allowing Renaissance texts to be disseminated widely (in actual fact this print was an enabling factor rather than a result). Why Was This Renaissance Different? Classical culture had never totally vanished from Europe, and it experienced sporadic rebirths. There was the Carolingian Renaissance in the eighth to ninth centuries and a major one in the â€Å"Twelfth Century Renaissance†, which saw Greek science and philosophy returned to European consciousness and the development of a new way of thinking which mixed science and logic called Scholasticism. What was different in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was that this particular rebirth joined together both the elements of scholarly inquiry and cultural endeavor with social and political motivations to create a much broader movement, albeit one with a long history. The Society and Politics Behind the Renaissance Across the fourteenth century, and perhaps before, the old social and political structures of the medieval period broke down, allowing new concepts to rise. A new elite emerged, with new models of thought and ideas to justify themselves; what they found in classical antiquity was something to use both as a prop and a tool for their aggrandizement. Exiting elites matched them to keep pace, as did the Catholic Church. Italy, from which the Renaissance evolved, was a series of city-states, each competing with the others for civic pride, trade, and wealth. They were largely autonomous, with a high proportion of merchants and artisans thanks to the Mediterranean trade routes. At the very top of Italian society, the rulers of the key courts in Italy were all â€Å"new men†, recently confirmed in their positions of power and with newly gained wealth, and they were keen to demonstrate both. There was also wealth and the desire to show it below them. The Black Death had killed millions in Europe and left the survivors with proportionally greater wealth, whether through fewer people inheriting more or simply from the increased wages they could demand. Italian society and the results of the Black Death allowed for much greater social mobility, a constant flow of people keen to demonstrate their wealth. Displaying wealth and using culture to reinforce your social and political was an important aspect of life in that period, and when artistic and scholarly movements turned back to the classical world at the start of the fifteenth century there were plenty of patrons ready to support them in these endeavors to make political points. The importance of piety, as demonstrated through commissioning works of tribute, was also strong, and Christianity proved a heavy influence for thinkers trying to square Christian thought with that of â€Å"pagan† classical writers. The Spread of the Renaissance From its origins in Italy, the Renaissance spread across Europe, the ideas changing and evolving to match local conditions, sometimes linking into existing cultural booms, although still keeping the same core. Trade, marriage, diplomats, scholars, the use of giving artists to forge links, even military invasions, all aided the circulation. Historians now tend to break the Renaissance down into smaller, geographic, groups such as the Italian Renaissance, The English Renaissance, the Northern Renaissance (a composite of several countries) etc. There are also works which talk about the Renaissance as a phenomenon with global reach, influencing – and being influenced by – the east, Americas, and Africa. The End of the Renaissance Some historians argue that the Renaissance ended in the 1520s, some the 1620s. The Renaissance didn’t just stop, but its core ideas gradually converted into other forms, and new paradigms arose, particularly during the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century. It would be hard to argue we are still in the Renaissance (as you can do with the Enlightenment), as culture and learning move in a different direction, but you have to draw the lines from here back to then (and, of course, back to before then). You could argue that new and different types of Renaissance followed (should you want to write an essay). The Interpretation of the Renaissance The term ‘renaissance’ actually dates from the nineteenth century and has been heavily debated ever since, with some historians questioning whether it’s even a useful word anymore. Early historians described a clear intellectual break with the medieval era, but in recent decades scholarship has turned to recognize growing continuity from the centuries before, suggesting that the changes Europe experienced were more an evolution than a revolution. The era was also far from a golden age for everyone; at the start, it was very much a minority movement of humanists, elites, and artists, although it disseminated wider with printing. Women, in particular, saw a marked reduction in their educational opportunities during the Renaissance. Its no longer possible to talk of a sudden, all changing golden age (or no longer possible and be considered accurate), but rather a phase that wasnt entirely a move forward, or that dangerous historical problem, progress. Renaissance Art There were Renaissance movements in architecture, literature, poetry, drama, music, metals, textiles and furniture, but the Renaissance is perhaps best known for its art. Creative endeavor became viewed as a form of knowledge and achievement, not simply a way of decoration. Art was now to be based on observation of the real world, applying mathematics and optics to achieve more advanced effects like perspective. Paintings, sculpture and other art forms flourished as new talents took up the creation of masterpieces, and enjoying art became seen as the mark of a cultured individual. Renaissance Humanism Perhaps the earliest expression of the Renaissance was in humanism, an intellectual approach which developed among those being taught a new form of curriculum: the studia humanitatis, which challenged the previously dominant Scholastic thinking. Humanists were concerned with the features of human nature and attempts by man to master nature rather than develop religious piety. Humanist thinkers implicitly and explicitly challenged the old Christian mindset, allowing and advancing the new intellectual model behind the Renaissance. However, tensions between humanism and the Catholic Church developed over the period, and humanist learning partly caused the Reformation. Humanism was also deeply pragmatic, giving those involved the educational basis for work in the burgeoning European bureaucracies. It is important to note that the term ‘humanist’ was a later label, just like â€Å"renaissance†. Politics and Liberty The Renaissance used to be regarded as pushing forward a new desire for liberty and republicanism - rediscovered in works about the Roman Republic- even though many of the Italian city-states were taken over by individual rulers. This view has come under close scrutiny by historians and partly rejected, but it did cause some Renaissance thinkers to agitate for greater religious and political freedoms over later years. More widely accepted is the return to thinking about the state as a body with needs and requirements, taking politics away from the application of Christian morals and into a more pragmatic, some might say devious, world, as typified by the work of Machiavelli. There was no marvelous purity in Renaissance politics, just the same twisting about as ever. Books and Learning Part of the changes brought by the Renaissance, or perhaps one of the causes, was the change in attitude to pre-Christian books. Petrarch, who had a self-proclaimed â€Å"lust† to seek out forgotten books among the monasteries and libraries of Europe, contributed to a new outlook: one of (secular) passion and hunger for the knowledge. This attitude spread, increasing the search for lost works and increasing the number of volumes in circulation, in turn influencing more people with classical ideas. One other major result was a renewed trade in manuscripts and the foundation of public libraries to better enable widespread study. Print then enabled an explosion in the reading and spread of texts, by producing them faster and more accurately, and led to the literate populations who formed the basis of the modern world.

Questions you most wanted to ask about tree planting and need immediately

Questions you most wanted to ask about tree planting and need immediately Planting a tree can have tremendous influences on communities. Tree planting improves our environment. Planting a tree can add to our incomes and decrease energy costs. To plant a tree can enhance our quality of life and improve our health. I cant think of many things that touch us so completely as does planting a tree. My point is, we need trees to be planted! Q: How do you plant a seedling or sapling?A: There are actually two major methods of tree planting. One is planting a tree with an intact root ball. The trees can either be bound by fabric and string or potted in a plastic container. These trees are designed to plant...read more. Q: When is the season for planting trees?A: Bare-root tree planting is done during dormant winter months, most often after December 15th but before March 31st. Q: Do I really need to mulch my new tree?A: New seedlings and saplings need plenty of moisture. Lack of water is the main cause of severe stress to newly planted trees. Mulch is a trees best friend. Q: How do I know I am ready to plant a tree?A: Are you prepared to plant and rear a healthy tree? Take this tree wellness quiz to see just how prepared you are to successfully raise a healthy tree...read more. Q: Where can I buy trees to plant?A: Trees can be purchased in most states at private, industry and government nurseries. You need to check with your state forester for specific sources suited for your planting area...read more. Q: Where can I buy tree planting equipment?A: Before you begin a big planting job you need to purchase the right planting equipment. Using proper equipment correctly will insure proper planting and will be easier on the planter...read more. Q: Where should you plant a seedling or sapling?A:Use common sense when planting a tree. If the tree is expected to grow tall or expand widely give it the room it needs for future growth. Understanding species moisture, light and soil needs is extremely important. Q: What are root balled tree saplings?A:Root balled saplings are usually older than two to three year-old seedlings and are dug from commercial or government nursery plots. They are delivered individually with roots covered by an earth ball enclosing. Q: What are bare-root tree seedlings?A: Bare-root seedlings are usually two to three-year-old trees and lifted from commercial or government nursery beds. They are delivered in bulk with roots covered in only a very moist medium or slurry. Q: How many trees are planted in the United States?A: Hundreds of nurseries in the United States grow over 1.5 billion trees annually, which reforests nearly three million acres. This number represents over six trees.

Nature, Wilderness and Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nature, Wilderness and Place - Essay Example The terms ‘nature,’ ‘wilderness,’ and ‘place’ are crucial in society and in different communities. People have different perceptions and understanding of these terms mainly because of the diversity of experiences among human communities. Therefore, the relationship between wilderness, nature, and place keeps evolving, as the people’s perceptions about these also change over time. Most societies have the philosophy, ethics, and values, which specifically address nature, wilderness, and their relationship with these. However, different philosophers, activists, and writers in the past have also developed various philosophical approaches, which are associated with the concepts of nature, wilderness, and place. Basing on various philosophical approaches therefore, this essay will focus on the various ways we understand ‘nature,’ ‘wilderness,’ and ‘place’ and how the similarities and differences in these w ords shape our overall understanding of each of them individually, and as a whole. There is no absolute definition of the ideas of â€Å"nature,† â€Å"wilderness,† and â€Å"place† since these vary within human societies, because of the diversity in worldviews and interactions with the environment. The culture of the human society keeps changing with time. However, some cultural aspects are preserved and transferred from one generation to the next. For instance, from the old world came the aspect of Romanticism and the idea of the sublime, which were both preserved and passed down to the new world. In the ideals of Romanticism, the concept of nature was associated with God. On the other hand, the aspect of nature and wilderness was associated with beauty, as well as terror. Emerson and Thoreau focused on the various views of wilderness and wild places. These used different styles to relay the message to the society, that it is important to experience and apprec iate the beauty of nature and wilderness, as this is beneficial to a person as a whole, as well as the entire society. Similarly, Gary Snyder in his essay, "The Etiquette of Freedom," focuses on the elements of freedom, wildness, culture, and nature. He describes nature in different ways, based on how different communities perceive it, including the Latin and the Chinese, among others. The word ‘nature,’ according to Synder, has diverse meanings, depending on the type of community. However, primarily, nature includes the physical world, which comprise all living things, and the excludes all the features of civilization. Alternatively, Snyder adopts a broader meaning of nature to represent "the creative and regulative physical power which is conceived of as operating in the material world and as the immediate cause of all its phenomena" (Snyder 8). Apart from nature being perceived differently by various communities, there is a relationship between nature and the divine. Emerson, a prominent transcendentalist, believed that through a positive relationship with the wilderness, human beings would interact with the divine being, and exhibit their moral responsibility. In Emerson’s piece of writing titled â€Å"Nature,† he focuses on the balanced relationship between human beings and the wilderness. In this article, Emerson considers the stars to be one of the evidences of the existence of a god: â€Å"But if a man is alone, let him look at the stars† (Emerson 528). The stars, according to Emerson, are part of nature, which he argues that have the power to alienate man. Similarly, Thoreau in his work â€Å"Walden† brings out a similar effect of nature: â€Å"Yet I experienced sometimes that the most sweet and tender, the most innocent and encouraging society may be found in any natural object, even for the poor misanthrope and most melancholy man. There

Uchina Guchi Preservation as a Viable Language Research Paper

Uchina Guchi Preservation as a Viable Language - Research Paper Example This statistics has left many researchers across the globe active on the possibility of some of the languages becoming extinct. Extinction of languages is a threat to any society that uses or which the language belongs to. These researches have led a revelation that there are several languages that are no longer inexistence due to certain reasons related to the original speakers, as well as, the authority that ruled the speakers. An example of the most affected languages is Uchina Guchi. Without the language, communication in the Islands would be literary shunned. Communication is the core and fundamental tool on which progress rely. Without communication, people will not conduct business. There would be no exchange of ideas. There will be no learning or education. These reasons prompt for the preservation of Uchina Guchi language as an important and viable language. Statistically, the languages remained are roughly about 5,800. This leaves an important question: how can 5% of the world population speak 5,800 languages? Further research depicts that two-thirds of the 5,800 languages are in great danger of extinction. The research also shows that in every two weeks, one of the two-thirds of the languages become extinct. The danger of such losses never goes unnoticed. Many of the indigenous minority language speakers struggle to retain their mother tongues. The same is true with the Ryukyu Islands, which is situated between Taiwan and Kyushu. One of the languages that face the dangers of becoming extinct is the UchinaGuchi language, also known as the Okinawan language. Okinawa is one of the endangered languages of the Ryukyu Islands. The UNESCO (United Nation Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) recognizes six languages spoken by the Ryukyu Island dwellers. The languages are, Kanigami, Amami, Uchinaa, Miyako, Yonaguni, and Yaeyama. According to the UNESCO, The most endangered languages in the list are

Aquafiers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aquafiers - Essay Example A lot of our water supply comes from water wells that are drilled deep down into the aquifers. We need these aquifers to stay unpolluted in order to continue to enjoy them. Sadly a number of new techniques threaten the safety of aquifers. In The whole Fracking Enchilada by Sandra Steingraber, the author discusses how natural gas is extracted from shale. The process can be very destructive to the environment. We have to be mindful of this in the future as we continue to try to meet our energy needs while preserving the quality of our environment and drinking supply. Clean coal is another new technology that tries to reduce the impact on the environment. It is used to capture carbon emitted from the process. It is important to reduce the countrys reliance on coal because a huge proportion of the electricity used by the U.S. Comes from coal and coal can often produce a lot of CO2, the gas that cause global warming (according to some). For some environmentalists, nothing can save the planet. The believe, like Jensen, that human beings are psychopaths who want only to destroy the world. This is a very foolish idea and Jensen is clearly not an intelligent man. Nevertheless, the idea is out there and should be addressed. One of the great screen actors of the 20th century is surely Robert Redford. In three substantial contibutions to the history of American cinema, Redford starred in The Natural, The Sting, Three Days of the Condor and The Sundance Red. Each of these movies is unique in their own way and each tells a story about America and is moving. The Natural is a film about baseball. In it, Redford stars as man with a natural ability to play the game. He undergoes a number of trials and tribulations. The story in a sense is about success and failure in American life. It is truly moving to see how much baseball means to the main characters and how much they care. The Sting is a story about two conman. One of which is played by Redford and the other by

Paracetamol Synthesis Experiment

Paracetamol Synthesis Experiment N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide, otherwise known as Paracetamol or acetaminophen depending on where you live in the world, is one of the most widely used over the counter drugs. It has the molecular formula C8H9NO2. It is an analgesic (pain reliever) and also an antipyretic (fever reliever). For these reasons it is used to relieve a person of mild to moderate pain, for example; toothache, headaches or symptoms of a cold and to control fever (high temperature, also known as pyrexia). For pain relief it works by interfering with certain chemicals in the body called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins were first discovered in the 1930’s from human semen, thinking the chemicals had come from the prostate gland he named them prostaglandins, but it’s since been established they are synthesised in every cell in the body. They act as chemical messengers like hormones but do not move to other sites, they stay in the cell that they were synthesised in. Prostaglandins have a variety of p hysiological effects, one being that they are released in response to pain or injury, paracetamol works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins making the body less aware of the pain or injury. Paracetamol reduces temperature by acting on an area of the brain called the hypothalamus, responsible for regulating body temperature. The history of paracetamol is an interesting one, at the approach of the 20th century, the discovery and synthesis of medicines was rather arbitrary, with scientists generally just testing new compounds on humans straight away and then observing if it had positive (or negative) effects. The story of paracetamol starts with the first aniline (also known as phenylamine or aminobenzene) derivative to be found to possess analgesic and antipyretic properties, acetanilide. Aniline is an organic compound with the molecular formula Aniline (1) C6H5NH2, shown above, consists of a phenyl group attached to an amino group. The new potential medicine acetanilide had been synthesised simply by the aniline gaining a secondary amide group, by reacting the aniline with ethanoic anhydride, ethanoic acid would also be produced. The reaction is shown below. C6H5NH2 + (CH3CO)2O → C6H5NHCOCH3 + CH3COOH Acetanilide (2) The discovery was soon published and acetanilide medication was soon in production in 1886, remaining in use for several years due to how cheap it was to produce. But although acetanilide was shown to act as being effective in reducing fever and relieving mild pain, a search for less toxic aniline derivatives started because of some of the awful side effects acetanilide had, for instance cyanosis (appearance of blue or purple coloration of the skin due to tissues near the skin being low in oxygen) caused by it deactivating haemoglobin in erythrocytes. The search led to a new derivative that was antipyretic and analgesic and was less toxic than acetanilide called N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)ethanamide. Marketed in 1887 under the name phenacetin, it has remained in use ever since but has declined in its use due to its adverse affects on the liver. It has the chemical formula C10 H13NO2. N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)ethanamide (3) In 1893 Joseph von Mering improved on phenacetin producing paracetamol, but mistakenly thought it had the same adverse effects as acetanilide. In the 1940’s it was realised that paracetamol was a major metabolite of phenacetin, it was then considered to quite possibly be the component that caused phenacetin to have the desired effects and that the negative effects were caused by a minor metabolite released. Then in 1953 paracetamol hit the markets, being promoted as superior to aspirin in that it was safe for children and with people with ulcers. Structural equation showing Phenacitin being turned into its metabolites in the body, as you can see from the diagram, the main metabolite is paracetamol. (4) Paracetamol is made by many different pharmaceutical manufacturers, each giving their products different brand names. In the UK currently there are more than ninety over the counter products containing paracetamol. Different brands may contain different amounts of paracetamol per dose, it will be stated on the packaging, usually in milligrams. Sometimes it may be combined with other medicines such as decongestants (a type of medicine that provides short term relief for a blocked nose). While it is a very effective medicine, even small overdoses can be fatal, because it is metabolised into non-toxic and toxic products in the liver. The recommended single dose for adults is 1000mg and up to 4000mg in a day. Paracetamol is hepatoxic, meaning that even in the therapeutic dosages stated previously, it can still harm hepatocytes (liver cells) and in combination with other drugs like alcohol the harmful effects are multiplied. Prolonged daily usage can result in upper gastrointestinal complications such as stomach bleeding. Untreated paracetamol overdoses (which would usually involve taking over the therapeutic dosages for several days) results in a lengthy and painful illness. People who overdose often wrongly assume it will render them unconscious, however this doesn’t happen, rather the process of dying takes around three to five days due to acute liver failure. Aims: To synthesise paracetamol in one step, starting from 4-aminophenol i.e. amide synthesis To try synthesise paracetamol in a microwave using a similar method to how aspirin is synthesised To recrystallise about half of my samples of paracetamol, leaving the other half crude To calculate the percentage yields of paracetamol, in both methods and compare them To perform analysis of my synthesised samples of paracetamol, both recrystallised and crude using analytical techniques such as Melting point test Thin layer chromatography Back Titration (which will give a quantitative analysis, concentrations) Infra-red spectroscopy 6) To then use the results of these analytical techniques to determine which method of synthesis produces The most pure paracetamol sample, The greatest percentage yield by comparing the percentage yields and purities of both the crude and recrystallised samples of both methods. To extract paracetamol from commercial tablets and compare the purity to my synthesised samples To then use the aims 6 and 7 to finally determine which method of synthesis of an amide, paracetamol, is most efficient. Chemical theory: Amines: (5) Amines are the organic chemistry relatives of Ammonia, they are derive by replacing one, two or all three of the hydrogen atoms with alkyl groups and this determines which type of amine it is. Replacing one of the hydrogen atoms gives a primary amine, replacing two a secondary amine and all three a tertiary amine. Below shows a primary amine being made from a halogenoalkane with bromine as the halogen, the alkyl group would vary depending on the specific primary amine desired. It is a substitution reaction, with the hydrogen on the ammonia being substituted for the alkyl group on the halogenoalkane. NH3 + RBr →RNH2 + HBr A primary amine (6) A secondary amine (7) Amines with low relative molecular masses are gases or volatile liquids, similarly to ammonia they also have strong smells, amines have a â€Å"fishy† smell. The properties of amines are quite similar to ammonia due to the fact both have the lone pair of electrons that open up a range of opportunities. Their properties are only slightly modified by their alkyl groups such as the state at room temperature. 4-Aminophenol, the building block of paracetamol (reacting 4-aminophenol with ethanoic anhydride gives paracetamol) is a primary amine. 4-Aminophenol (8) 4-Aminophenol is made by reacting phenol with sulphuric acid and sodium nitrate which gives two products, 1- nitrophenol and 2-nitrophenol. The 2-nitrophenol is then reacted with sodium borohyride, which produces 4-aminophenol. Step one in synthesis of 4-aminophenol (4) Step two in synthesis of 4-aminophenol (4) Very soluble in water Similarly to Ammonia, amines can form hydrogen bonds with water due to the highly electronegative nitrogen being bonded to the hydrogen atom; these are attracted to water molecules and vice versa. Amines with small alkyl groups are soluble but those with larger alkyl groups are insoluble because the alkyl groups disrupt the hydrogen bonding in the water. This is significant because 4-aminophenol being a building block of paracetamol it is a common impurity, therefore with the recrystallisation, it should in theory be removed very effectively as it should be very soluble and not reach its limit of solubility. This will be discussed later on. Act as a base Again similarly to ammonia, the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen can form a dative covalent bond with hydrogen atoms, meaning it acts as a base. In water the presence of hydroxide ions causes it to turn alkaline. If the ammonia/amine is placed with acid, then the acid will donate more protons than water, so the reaction will go on until completion, and therefore many ammonium ions/amine ions are formed and therefore the fishy smell is lost. This can impact on the effectiveness of a chromatogram in thin layer chromatography. Acting as a nucleophile: Ammonia as well as amines can act as nucleophiles, which is why they can form an amide when reacted with an acylating agent like ethanoic anhydride. When ammonia acts as a nucleophile it can react with a halogenoalkane or acylating agent to form an primary amide, the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom attack the positively polarised carbon atom and via a substitution reaction will replace the halogen (e.g. chlorine) or functional group of the acylating agent (e.g. HCL from ethanoyl chloride). This occurs by the electrons in the bond being donated to the halogen or specific functional group of the acylating agent. This breaks off with both electrons and therefore leaves the carbon with a high positive charge, allowing the negative nitrogen to form a dative covalent bond with the carbon. Amines also have a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom and so can also attack electrophiles, such as the delta positive carbon atom on the acylating agent. Similarly to the ammonia rea ction, a nucleophillic substitution reaction occurs with the electron movements described above and the appropriate functional group is removed and replaced by the R-N-H forming the secondary amide, with the second hydrogen atom being removed from the primary amine along with the functional group. (9) Reaction of an primary amine with ethanoyl chloride an acylating agent, as can be seen the chlorine atom from the ethanoyl chloride is removed as well the hydrogen from the primary amine, producing HCL. This would’ve occurred as result of the nitrogen lone pair attacking the central carbon. The resulting secondary amide is produced when the R-N-H bonds to the carbon. Synthesis and hydrolysis of an Amide: (10) All amides contain the functional group CONH All amides contain this functional group (11) An amide can either be primary or secondary, primary amides have the general formula R-CONH2, the Nitrogen atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and then a carbon atom, which is double bonded to an oxygen, the fourth bond of the carbon is to the R group which can either be an alkyl group (methyl, ethyl etc.) or a benzene. These can be made by reacting Ammonia with an acylating agent such as an acyl chloride like Ethanoyl chloride. These are carboxylic acid derivatives that are reactive enough to form an amide. Hydrogen from the ammonia breaks off as well as the chlorine of the acyl chloride, forming HCL (g). The first carbon (with the double bond oxygen) then bonds with the Nitrogen this forms the functional group. The general formula for a primary amide Secondary amides differ in that the Nitrogen is only bonded to one hydrogen and the third bond goes to another R group, giving secondary amides the general formula R-CONH-R’. The R groups may be the same, or may differ. Paracetamol (N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide) as stated earlier has the molecular formula C6H9NO2, by looking at its structural formula shown below, it can be seen that it comprises of three main parts, starting from the left, in the box is the phenol group, one of the R groups of the amide, this explains the â€Å"hydroxyphenyl† part of paracetamols systematic name as it was originally part of the 4-aminophenol amine. Next in the oval, is the actual amide functional group, finally on the far right in the triangle is the other R group (R’) which in paracetamol is simply a methyl group. From all this we can determine that paracetamol is a secondary amide. (4) Secondary amides are made by reacting a primary amine with an acylating agent like Ethanoic anhydride, in my investigation, I will use ethanoic anhydride as my acylating agent. This occurs by the reaction mechanism of nucleophillic substitution, which is shown below in a curly arrow diagram, with ammonia being used as the nucleophile, attacking the carbon atom. Steps in Nucleophillic substitution: (12) The first thing to note is that, as explained earlier, ammonia (which is acting as the nucleophile in the example above) as well as amines can act as nucleophiles, due to the fact they have the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom, they have a partial negative charge which is attracted to an electrophile (has a partial positive charge), in this case the polarised carbon atom (as it is bonded to the highly electronegative oxygen atom) on the ethanoic anhydride. The first thing that happens is that the Nitrogen begins its â€Å"attack† on the partially positive, also known as delta positive, carbon. Because of the lone pair, it forms a dative covalent bond with the carbon Because it is dative, the carbon atom has gained an electron therefore at has been reduced, so it then donates an electron within the double bond with oxygen to the oxygen atom, this makes the already partially negatively charged oxygen to become negatively charged. There is now only a single bond between the carbon and oxygen. The carbon atom then donates an electron to the oxygen below it that it is also singly bonded to, releasing an ethanoate ion (CH3COO), this has given the carbon atom that donated the electron a positive charge as it has now had a net loss of one electron from its original electron configuration. This is now a carbocation. The reaction then goes back to the negatively charged oxygen that the central carbon donated its electron to earlier, what occurs now is that the oxygen donates the electron back, now that the central carbon is positively charged, this reforms the double bond between the now partially negative oxygen and partially positive carbon. The nitrogen that has bonded to the carbon then loses the third hydrogen atom as nitrogen can only form three bonds in a neutral organic compound, this happens by the hydrogen donating its electron to the nitrogen. The hydrogen then bonds to the ethanoate ion, forming ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) and ethanamide, ethan- the prefix coming from the two carbon atoms present and the suffix –amide due to the CONH functional group. The ethanoic acid produced then will react with any excess ammonia to form ammonium ethanoate, this is because ammonia and amines can act as bases due to the reasons stated earlier, the hydrogen on the ethanoic acid breaks off and bonds to the nitrogen atom. The â€Å"curly arrow† diagram of this reaction is shown below, the stage number relates to the mechanism diagram shown above it and described above, step 1 is omitted because it is an introduction, the first step of the reaction mechanism, is step 2 i.e. shown below step 2 is the attacking of the nitrogen nucleophile to the

The Ancient Greeks Belief in the Underworld Essay -- Greek mythology,

A dark, silent, formless void, a perpetual abyss without orientation, this is essentially what the Greeks believed was the origin of the world. The ancient Greeks while trying to further explain the world, invented beguiling myths (Evie). From these myths a world of human like gods and goddesses was formed (Evie). Through narratives, legends, and myths this world justified various abstract ideas, thus creating Greek mythology (Evie). A central element in Greek mythology is the underworld. The underworld is considered to be the place where one’s soul goes to after death. The underworld has played a vital role in Greek culture by serving as an incentive to live a virtuous life, which in turn has affected all aspects of Greek life. The world of the dead or the underworld was viewed as a subterranean realm (Joe). The ancient Greeks believed that almost all mortals would reside in the underworld after their death. Those fortunate few that did not either gained a place at Mount Olympus or became gods or goddesses themselves (Joe). The underworld was ruled by Hades although there were many other deities in the underworld. Hades acquired the underworld when he and his two brothers, Zeus and Poseidon, divided the universe (Joe). Zeus received the sky, Poseidon received the sea and Hades received the underworld. The underworld was divided into several regions. There were five subterranean rivers which flowed through the underworld (Joe). They were Acheron (Woe), Cocytus (Wailing), Lethe (Forgetfulness), Phlegethon (Fire), and Styx (Abhorrence) (Joe). All souls would have to travel through the five rivers before they were judged and sent to their final residing place to wander for all eternity. The underworld also consisted of two mai... ...ir gods and goddesses they would be virtuous. The stories and myths of the underworld and those unfortunate souls left to wander for eternity gave incentive to be righteous and please their deities. The Greeks would live their lives accordingly so that they may truly be at peace in the afterlife. To avoid being sentenced to wander aimlessly in the after life the Greeks took every possible precaution. The underworld in Greek mythology served to encourage the Greeks to live a righteous life. In the desire to please the gods and goddesses and to prevent eternal wanderings in the underworld the Greeks changed their lives. Within the changes to their traditions, practices, and daily lives, the Greeks altered their culture. The mythologies of the dark, ominous underworld created a thriving Greek culture with many of its only practices, traditions, and rituals.